Дополнение № 5 к учебнику Реймонда Мёрфи "English grammar in Use". Короткие формы I'm, you've, didn't
Короткие формы I'm, you've, didn't:
В разговорном английском мы используем I'm, you've, didn't и др. (короткая форма) а не I am, you have, did not и др. Также мы используем короткую форму в неформальном письменном английском.
Например:
- in letters to friends - в письмах друзьям
Когда мы пишем короткую форму, мы используем апостроф (') для пропавшей буквы (букв):
Например:
- I'm = I am
- you've = you have
- didn't = did not
Список коротких форм вспомогательных глаголов:
|
'm = am |
I'm | ||||||
|
's = is or has |
he's | she's | it's | ||||
|
're= are |
you're | we're | they're | ||||
|
've = have |
I've | you've | we've | they've | |||
|
'll = will |
I'll | he'll | she'll | you'll | we'll | they'll | |
|
'd = would or had |
I'd | he'd | she'd | you'd | we'd | they'd |
's может быть is или has:
|
She's ill. (= She is ill.) Она болеет. |
|
She's gone away. (= She has gone away.) Она уехала. |
но let's = let us:
|
Let's go now. (= Let us go) Пойдём. |
'd может быть would или had:
|
I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see) Был бы я тобой я бы обратился к врачу. |
|
I'd never seen her before. (= I had never seen) Я никогда не видел её раньше. |
Мы используем некоторые короткие формы (особенно 's) после слов вопросов (who, what и др.) и послеr that, there, here:
who's, what's, where's, how's, that's, there's, here's, who'll, there'll, who'd
|
Who's that woman over there? (= who is) Кто эта женщина вон там? |
|
What's happened? (= what has) Что случилось? |
|
Do you think there'll be many people at the party? (= there will) Как вы думаете, на вечеринке будет много людей? |
Вы можете использовать короткую форму (особенно 's) после имен существительных:
|
John's going out tonight. (= John is) Джон собирается уйти сегодня. |
|
My friend's just got married. (= My friend has) Мой друг только что женился. |
Вы можете использовать 'm, 's, 're, 've, 'll, 'd в конце фразы:
|
'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' (not 'Yes, I'm.') "Ты устал?" "Да, Я устал." |
|
Do you know where she is? (not 'Do you know where she's?') Вы знаете, где она? |
Отрицательные краткие формы:
|
isn't (= is not) aren't (= are not) wasn't (= was not) weren't (= were not) don't (= do not) doesn't (= doesn't) didn't (= did not) |
haven't (= have not) hasn't (= has not) hadn't (= had not) can't (= cannot) couldn't (= could not) won't (= will not) wouldn't (= would not) |
shan't (= shall not) shouldn't (= should not) mightn't (= might not) mustn't (= must not) needn't (= need not) daren't (= dare not) |
Отрицательные краткие формы для is или are могут быть:
he isn't, she isn't, it isn't или he's not, she's not, it's not
you aren't, we aren't, they aren't или you're not, we're not, they're not
